NEW YORK 鈥 The U.S. Justice Department is investigating whether Columbia University concealed "illegal aliens" on its campus, one of its top officials said Friday, as the Trump administration intensified its campaign to deport people who participated in pro-Palestinian demonstrations at the school last year.
Agents with the Department of Homeland Security searched two university residences with a warrant Thursday evening. No one was arrested, and it was unclear whom the authorities were searching for, but by Friday afternoon U.S. officials announced developments related to two people they pursued in connection with the demonstrations.
A Columbia doctoral student from India whose visa was revoked by the Trump administration fled the U.S. on an airliner. A Palestinian woman who was arrested during the protests at the university last April was arrested by federal immigration authorities in Newark, New Jersey, for overstaying her student visa.
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Members of Columbia University's student workers union and their supporters protest recent actions taken by the Trump administration Friday in New York.
Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche, speaking at the Justice Department, said it was part of the president's "mission to end antisemitism in this country."
Blanche didn't say what evidence agents had of wrongdoing. It was unclear whether he was accusing the school itself of "terrorism crimes" or saying that people involved in the protests committed such crimes.
The Associated Press left messages seeking comment from the university Friday. In a statement following the searches Thursday night, interim university president Katrina Armstrong said the school was "committed to upholding the law."
Protestors gather Friday during a demonstration at the headquarters of the Department of Education in Washington.
Meanwhile, the Trump administration delivered an extraordinary ultimatum to Columbia, threatening to permanently end federal funding to the Ivy League school unless it cedes control of an international studies department and implements sweeping changes to other campus policies.
In a letter sent Thursday night, federal officials said the university must immediately place its Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies Department under 鈥渁cademic receivership for a minimum of five years.鈥
It must also ban masks on campus meant to conceal the wearer's identity 鈥渙r intimidate others,鈥 adopt a new definition of antisemitism, abolish its process for disciplining students and deliver a plan to 鈥漴eform undergraduate admissions, international recruiting, and graduate admissions practices."
The letter described those changes and others as 鈥減reconditions鈥 in order to begin 鈥漟ormal negotiations regarding Columbia University's continued financial relationship with the United States government."
It did not elaborate on why it was targeting the Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies Department or what the process of 鈥渞eceivership鈥 would entail.
鈥淲e expect your immediate compliance with these critical next steps,鈥 officials from the Department of Education, General Services Administration and Department of Health and Human Services wrote.
Using a tactical vehicle, New York City police enter an upper floor of Hamilton Hall on the Columbia University campus April 30 in New York after the building was taken over by protesters earlier in the day.
More than 50 universities are also being investigated for alleged racial discrimination as part of Trump鈥檚 campaign to end diversity, equity and inclusion programs that his officials say exclude white and Asian American students.
The Education Department announced the new investigations Friday, one month after issuing a memo warning America鈥檚 schools and colleges that they could lose federal money over 鈥渞ace-based preferences鈥 in admissions, scholarships or any aspect of student life.
Columbia has come under immense pressure from the Trump administration in recent weeks, with the U.S. government canceling $400 million in federal funding for the school, much of it for medical research, as punishment for not cracking down harder on students and faculty who criticized Israel's military action in Gaza.
Trump and other officials accuse the protesters as being "pro-Hamas," referring to the militant group that controls Gaza and attacked Israel on Oct. 7, 2023.
The Trump administration said it revoked the visa of Ranjani Srinivasan, an Indian citizen and doctoral student at Columbia University, for allegedly "advocating for violence and terrorism." Srinivasan opted to "self-deport" Tuesday, five days after her visa was revoked, the department said. Officials didn't say what evidence they had that Srinivasan advocated violence.
The woman who was arrested in Newark, Leqaa Kordia, was charged with failing to leave the U.S. after her visa expired. Columbia said it had no record of Kordia ever being a student there, or being arrested on the campus. However, there were numerous protests and arrests in the streets outside of the university at the same time.
Kordia previously received a student visa, but it was terminated in 2022 for "lack of attendance," the department said. She is being held in an immigration detention center in Alvarado, Texas, according to a government database.
New York City police officers take people into custody April 30 near the Columbia University campus in New York.
Columbia University's campus has been in crisis since immigration authorities arrested Mahmoud Khalil, a well-known Palestinian activist who helped lead last spring's protests, last weekend. He hasn't been charged with a crime and is held at a detention facility in Jena, Louisiana.
Secretary of State Marco Rubio told reporters Friday the Trump administration expects to revoke more student visas in the coming days.
Lawyers for the Justice Department said in court papers that Kahlil, a lawful U.S. resident with no criminal history, was detained under a law allowing Rubio to remove someone from the country if he believes their presence or activities would have potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences.
Famous student protests from around the world
Famous student protests from around the world
Last May's proliferating pro-Palestine student protests match a storied history of student activism in the United States and around the world.
Colleges across the U.S. are preparing for the students' momentum, interrupted by the end of the spring semester, to pick up in the coming weeks as students return to campus for the new academic year. Many student activists, both pro-Palestine and pro-Israel, have used the summer to strategize.
From pre-Civil Rights demonstrations in the early 20th century to anti-gun marches last year, young people have gone to great lengths over time to make their voices heard鈥攕ometimes risking their lives doing so.听 explored famous student protests in modern history dating back to the turn of the 20th century.
Student protesters have come from all races, classes, genders, and nationalities. Their ages have ranged from middle schoolers to graduate students, and protests have occurred across institutions.
The impact of student protest movements has echoed throughout history. The White Rose resistance group in Nazi Germany, founded by medical students, inspired generations of nonviolent protestors, while the 1987 June Democratic Struggle in South Korea dissolved the military regime there and established modern-day Korean democracy.
In the United States, student activists have advocated for a wide range of issues, including women's rights, LGBTQ+ rights, racial equality, peace, reproductive freedom, affordable education, debt-free tuition, police accountability, gun control, and more. Some of the biggest revolutions across the world have originated with students.
The responses from authorities have varied. In some cases, the young people have been allowed to protest freely, while others have been silenced and suppressed, sometimes violently. History is full of examples of police and military forces breaking up peaceful protests employing batons, tear gas, beatings, and even gunfire鈥攁s it is full of instances where protests turned into riots or prevented fellow students from attending class or other school activities.
Keep reading to learn more about famous student protests worldwide.
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1901: Wrze艣nia School Strike in Poland
When German school officials announced in March 1901 that religion classes at the Catholic People's School in Wrze艣nia, an annexed section of Poland, would be held in Germany, more than 100 students protested.
They rejected the German textbooks, suffering detention and beatings as a result. On May 20, 1901, officials dispersed a large crowd of students and parents in front of the school and jailed many of the adults. Over the next three years, trials unfolded while young people continued striking鈥攁t least two of whom were beaten to death.
1924-25: Fisk University protests
American students at the historically black Fisk University in the mid-1920s launched a massive protest聽against the school's white president, Fayette McKenzie, who'd taken extreme measures鈥攊ncluding shutting down the student newspaper and banning most extracurricular activities鈥攖o court donors.
When alumnus W.E.B. Du Bois, then a rising star with a daughter at the college, visited the campus in 1924, he called out the president in a speech from the chapel: "Men and women of Black America: Let no decent Negro send his child to Fisk until Fayette McKenzie goes." The speech prompted months of student strikes, marking some of the first Black student-led activism and serving as a precursor to the Civil Rights movement.
1930s: UCLA anti-establishment protests
More than 3,000 students at the University of California at Los Angeles in 1934聽took to the campus' Royce Quad to protest after five students were suspended聽amid the West Coast "red scare" for alleged communist affiliations.
They threw a police officer in the bushes, but police made no arrests. Meanwhile, with another war on the horizon, students at their sister school, UC Berkeley,聽.听
Royce Quad is the exact location where on May 1.
1942: White Rose Society resistance in Germany
As fascism was unfolding in Nazi Germany, a group of students at the University of Munich got together in the summer of 1942 to form a resistance movement that聽came to be known as the White Rose Society.
The group anonymously handed out fliers admonishing Adolf Hitler's regime and decrying the persecution of the Jews. In less than a year, however, the Gestapo had arrested most of the organization's key members and put the young activists on trial in kangaroo courts, sentencing many to death.
1956: Hungarian Revolution student marches
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 may never have unfolded had an organized group of student protesters not marched through the streets of Budapest on聽Oct. 23 of that year, carrying loudspeakers and chanting,聽
After reading an anti-communist proclamation demanding an independent Hungary, students stormed the radio building near the Hungarian Parliament, prompting police to open fire. The violence killed one student and marked the first bloodshed in the revolution that ultimately toppled the Soviet government.
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1960: Japan's Anpo protests
The United States and Japan in 1960 began talks to amend a treaty known as "Anpo"鈥攖he Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security鈥攚hich pledged American defensive support in exchange for Japanese land use. The negotiations聽, some of whom worried it would start another war.
Over the course of six months, student protesters broke into the prime minister's private home, occupied the airport to ground his plane, and faced off with police using water cannons. At one point a University of Tokyo student was killed. The treaty was still ratified but the activists聽.
1960-68: American civil rights protests (Greensboro to Columbia)
While there were student-led civil rights protests in the years that preceded and followed, it was from 1960 to 1968 that the height of college civil rights activism flourished in the United States.
The first major student-led event occurred when a group of Black聽students refused to leave an F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina, launching a series of sit-ins throughout the South. Student protests continued over the next eight years; by 1968 they were at a boiling point. The movement, combined with anti-war protests, culminated in an uprising at Columbia University.
There, more than 1,000 protesters took over five buildings and the dean was taken hostage. The events at Columbia were later called "."
1962: Rangoon University protests in Myanmar
On July 2, 1962, after a military coup overthrew parliament, students at Rangoon University in Myanmar (then Burma) gathered to voice their opposition to the new regime led by General Ne Win.
The school had long been a hub for student activism, but Win's military regime shut it down quickly,聽 and blowing up the student union building. The universities were closed, and when they reopened four months later, they were under strict government control. Student activists went underground for more than two decades, meeting quietly but not resurging in public with any significant numbers until the 8888 Uprising of 1988, named for Aug. 8, 1988.
1965-75: US Vietnam War protests (SDS Teach-ins to Kent State)
Although the Vietnam War started a decade earlier, it wasn't until the mid-1960s that the U.S. student movements picked up steam when the Students for a Democratic Society began orchestrating widespread "teach-ins" to voice opposition to the war tactics used by the U.S. government.
The first of these occurred in 1965 at the University of Michigan. By 1970, tensions hit a boiling point with the Kent State tragedy in which four students were killed by the National Guard, inspiring the Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young hit "Ohio" the following year.
1968: Tlatelolco Massacre in Mexico City
During the summer of 1968, unrest boiled in Mexico City as it prepared to host the Olympics. In an effort to present a good face to the world,聽, particularly with regard to labor unions. Students from multiple universities organized and held numerous demonstrations over the summer.
On Oct. 2, 10 days before the games were to start, a large group marched into the plaza to hold another peaceful protest. This time, troops opened fire, killing 300 to 400 people in what came to be known as the Tlatelolco massacre.
The next day, the government-controlled media painted the incident as a violent student protest; however, many now cite that day as the
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1968-1974: LGBTQ+ protests throughout the US
In 1968, a group of students at Cornell University at Willard Straight Hall, marking one of the first major LGBTQ+ student protests in the United States. The Student Homophile League also was formed that year at Cornell, making it the second in the nation after Columbia University.
The following year, the Stonewall riots occurred in Greenwich Village, marking a tipping point in the Gay Liberation movement and fueling nationwide student activism over the next five years.
1973: 'Take Back The Night' protests against sexual violence
With second-wave feminism in full swing, college campuses in the country were primed and ready for women's rights activism in 1973 when students at the University of Southern Florida held the聽.
Taking cues from related protests in Belgium and England, students draped themselves in black sheets and marched around campus carrying broomsticks, imploring the administration to create a women's center. These student-organized events preceded the Philadelphia march two years later that kicked off the national "Take Back The Night" movement, which continues fighting sexual violence to this day.
1973: Athens Polytechnic uprising
Tensions were growing in Greece in the fall of 1973 after more than six years of military rule. On Nov. 14 that year, a group of leftist students at Athens Polytechnic staged an impromptu sit-in. What began peacefully that saw Molotov cocktails thrown and ended with the military driving a tank through university gates.
No Polytechnic students were killed, but 24 civilians died, including several high school students. Following the incident, a high-ranking military officer leveraged the events that unfolded to stage a counter-coup, overturning the dictatorship that had been in power since 1967.
1976: Soweto Youth Uprising in South Africa
The Soweto uprising in 1976 marked the fiercest resistance to apartheid the South African government had seen up to that point. It began on June 16 when a group of students, emboldened by the growing Black Consciousness Movement, marched to Orlando Stadium under the guidance of the Soweto Students' Representative Council.
The immediate impetus was the government's implementation of Afrikaans聽as the official language taught in schools. Police responded with swift violence, killing up to 700 people, according to many estimates (though the government reported it as 176). Many South Africans who'd previously been uninvolved with the anti-apartheid movement were enraged by the police violence and jumped in in full force. Some historians cite the uprising as one of the聽.
1989: Tiananmen Square occupation in China
The Tiananmen Square massacre in China remains one of the most infamous student-led protests in world history.
It came in the wake of the death of Hu Yaobang, a high-ranking Communist Party official who'd become a reformer later in life. Political organization unfolded as pro-democracy students gathered in Beijing's Tiananmen Square聽to pay their respects. The crowd grew as students from other universities caught word and came down, prompting an occupation that escalated over the next six weeks with hunger strikes and other demonstrations.
On May 20, 1989, martial law was declared; on June 2, after more than a month of clashes, the military moved in with tanks, opening fire on hundreds and producing the iconic "Tank Man" photo. Death toll numbers vary from several hundred to thousands.
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1989: Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia
Few student activist groups can say they were responsible for toppling a government, but that was the case for the youth of the Velvet Revolution. Most impressively, it was accomplished with almost no violence.
On Nov. 17, 1989, in what was then Czechoslovakia, about 15,000 students entered Prague after days of anti-communist demonstrations. Riot police attacked them, but there were no serious injuries. However, a聽 set the stage for negotiations. Students met with Communist Party officials and continued striking over the next week and a half. By Nov. 29, they had succeeded in changing the Constitution. By the end of the year, a new president had been elected following four decades of one-party rule.
1998: Trisakti shootings in Indonesia
On May 12, 1998, frustrated by the Asian financial crisis and upset with their government, students at Trisakti University聽in Jakarta, Indonesia, staged a nonviolent protest, marching from their university to the legislative building. After being stopped by police not far from campus, the students' march transitioned into a sit-in, but riot police showed up, and students began dispersing. As students were returning to campus, police opened fire from behind, killing four.
Public outrage over the slayings led to the聽, who had been ruling as a dictator for 30 years.
1999: Iran student protests over free speech
Dubbed by some as the聽聽the response to the 1999 student protests at Tehran University was among the most brutal in student activist history. After a group of students peacefully protested the shutdown of a reformist newspaper, paramilitary officers raided student dormitories, setting beds on fire, breaking windows, grabbing women by the hair, and throwing students out windows.
At least one student died, and as demonstrations broke out nationwide over the next six days, thousands more were arrested. About 70 vanished without a trace. Rather than bringing greater freedom to Iran, the incident led to increased government suppression that included new "thought crime" laws.
2006: 'A Day Without Immigrants' demonstrations
On May 1, 2006, immigrants' rights groups in the United States organized "A Day Without Immigrants," .
Students played a huge role in the protests, which saw 1 million to 2 million people marching in Los Angeles alone. In the Santa Barbara School District, roughly one-third of the student population was absent and in the Los Angeles Unified School District, in grades 6 through 12, accounting for 27% of the total. In Hillsborough County, Florida, about 12% of middle and high school students stayed home.
2010: London tuition protests
After the United Kingdom's coalition government announced an increase to the cap on higher education tuition fees in 2010, university students throughout the country took to the streets to protest the growing cost of education.
Some of the biggest demonstrations took place in London, where 30,000 to 50,000 students marched and chanted. Riot police showed up聽in Westminster amid window-smashing and bonfires and kettled some in the crowd, a move that led to later criticism. Opponents argued that the police tactic, which essentially corrals protesters into one area for long periods, put them at risk of being crushed and denied them fundamental rights to food, water, and bathroom facilities.
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2011: Arab Spring fueled by youth
Although the mass protests that broke out in numerous Middle Eastern countries in 2011 (nicknamed the "Arab Spring") were carried out by people of all ages, students played a huge part in organizing and providing sustained momentum.
The youth movement has been credited for much of its success in countries like Egypt, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Libya, and Bahrain. Before the uprisings, students were also a driving force in Tahrir Square during the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
"The events of the past few months have shown us that聽," author Stephanie Schwartz said at the time. "... Social media, hip hop, the arts, and comedy have all played a role in anti-regime advocacy."
2011-13: Student education reform protests in Chile
Sometimes referred to as the "Chilean Winter," students carried out widespread protests throughout Chile between 2011 and 2013.
The demonstrations called attention to the educational system privatized in the early 1980s under the Augusto Pinochet regime. Students criticized profit-based models and advocated for free public education, clashing repeatedly with police聽during the two-year period during which, at times, tear gas and water cannons were employed against them.
Although the significant changes the students requested never came to fruition, they were successful in causing a shakeup in the administration, including the minister of education.
2013: Black Lives Matter demonstrations
After the 2013 acquittal of the man who killed Trayvon Martin, an unarmed black youth shot in a Florida suburb, a wave of "I am Trayvon Martin" protests spread across the United States. In Miami-Dade County,聽 reported student walkouts following the verdict, with other schools reporting similar protests.
The movement, which became , captured the world's attention聽as news reports of police brutality and systematic racism continued to surface.
2013: Student debt protests at New York universities
In the wake of the Great Recession and subsequent Occupy Wall Street demonstrations, a group of students in 2013聽 held by New York University's Student Labor Action Movement (SLAM). The students were protesting the student debt incurred to attend the school. Over the next six years, SLAM continued holding rallies that grew in size, incorporating neighboring New York universities and gaining national attention.
In 2018, one student reported being聽, who allegedly said his financial aid would be in jeopardy if he didn't quit protesting. This prompted a new wave of demonstrations. The cancellation聽of some student debt was just one of many topics tackled in the first few months聽of the Biden administration.
2014: Jadavpur University protests against sexual violence
After a female student was molested on campus in 2014, students began protesting at Jadavpur University in Calcutta, India. When their requests for an investigation were not met, they encircled several administration officials, including the vice-chancellor, in a practice known as "gheraoing" (essentially encircling a person or group of people).
Police arrived and split them up violently, using batons, and allegedly molested some women protesters. The brutal police response set off another wave of protests that lasted four more months,聽. After some students' "fast until death," the vice chancellor resigned.
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2014: Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution
A group of student activists in 2014 led a strike in an election for the city's highest executive. Organizers set up protests聽outside Hong Kong's Central Government Complex and Tamar Park while 13,000 students assembled at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Dense parts of the city, including Admiralty, Causeway Bay, and Mong Kok, were occupied for聽79 days.听
Police unleashed a brutal response聽that included tear gas, beatings, and alleged involvement by triad gangsters. A local news station captured a four-minute police beating of a pro-democracy Civil Party member, prompting further demonstrations and unrest.
During the clearance, protesters used umbrellas to defend themselves, and photos that emerged earned them the nickname "Umbrella protesters." As a result of the demonstrations, Hong Kong police became more aggressive in their tactics, imprisoning numerous participants. The student movement was聽.
2016: Uganda's Makerere University protests
When lecturers went on strike over budget cuts in August 2016 at Makerere University鈥攖he 鈥擴ganda's central government threatened the school with closure; however, educators voted to continue demonstrating, and many students marched in solidarity.
However, the vote angered other students, who argued that staff should seek solutions that would not force the school to shut down. Tensions escalated, and on Nov. 1, President Yoweri Museveni closed the prestigious university "indefinitely." As this was unfolding, military police raided the home of a local king in Kasese, slaughtering more than 100 people, including children.
These separate issues converged, bringing student unrest to a new level and inciting violence and the destruction of property. The school remained closed for nearly four weeks before an agreement was reached.
2016: 'Love Trumps Hate' student rallies
After Donald Trump was elected U.S. president in 2016, students nationwide walked out of classes and organized protests聽against the soon-to-be leader, who they said promoted hateful rhetoric. Using the hashtag #lovetrumpshate鈥攁 reference to one of Hillary Clinton's campaign slogans鈥攖housands of student marches took place throughout the country following the election.
The student protests paved the way for the post-inaugural 2017 Women's March鈥攖he聽.
2017: #MeToo movement against sexual harassment
Although social activist Tarana Burke first coined the phrase in 2006, it wasn't until actor Alyssa Milano tweeted on Oct. 15, 2017, that the #MeToo hashtag became a viral women's movement.
The tweet, which was posted 10 days after The New York Times published a story on sexual harassment allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, sparked student demonstrations worldwide. As allegations against other men unfolded,聽 of the movement, particularly on college campuses.
2018: 'March For Our Lives' against gun violence
Students staged a walkout two days after a mass shooter killed 17 students聽at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida,聽on Feb. 14, 2018.
A tearful speech on Feb. 17 by survivor Emma Gonz谩lez went viral, launching a nationwide student movement for gun control. Twenty students at Marjory Stoneman founded an organization called Never Again MSD and began planning a rally they dubbed "March For Our Lives."
The event took place on March 24 in Washington聽D.C., along with more than 800 related marches across the United States. With a turnout of between 1 and 2 million people, it was one of the聽.
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2019: Global climate strikes
Students were at the forefront of across and all 50 states in 2019, inspired by Swedish then-teenage activist聽Greta Thunberg. Experts who study social protests noted that these protests were different than those of the past due to the .
2020: Protests against police brutality
across the United States after a viral video showed the , but those weren't the only reactions. Because the country was also facing the coronavirus pandemic, some chose the digital realm to 聽about violence instigated by law enforcement.
2021: #FeesMustFall movement in South Africa
More than two decades after the end of apartheid, students in South Africa protested in 2021聽to ask the government to even the playing field with , to give lower-income South Africans聽more professional options. Protests ramped up after a .听
